Monday, 9 November 2015
Tuesday, 27 October 2015
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
This article is about the former President of India. For the Indian freedom fighter, see Abul Kalam Azad.
| A. P. J. Abdul Kalam | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 11th President of India | |
| In office 25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007 | |
| Prime Minister | Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh |
| Vice President | Krishan Kant Bhairon Singh Shekhawat |
| Preceded by | K. R. Narayanan |
| Succeeded by | Pratibha Patil |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam 15 October 1931 Rameswaram, Ramnad District, Madras Presidency,British India (now in Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, India) |
| Died | 27 July 2015 (aged 83) Shillong, Meghalaya, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli Madras Institute of Technology |
| Profession | Professor Author Aerospace scientist |
| Religion | Islam[1] |
| Signature |  |
| Website | abdulkalam |
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen "A. P. J." Abdul Kalam (
i/ˈæbdʊl kəˈlɑːm/; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. A career scientist turned politician, Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space program and military missile development efforts.[2] He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[3][4][5] He also played a pivotal organizational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.[6]
i/ˈæbdʊl kəˈlɑːm/; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. A career scientist turned politician, Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space program and military missile development efforts.[2] He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[3][4][5] He also played a pivotal organizational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.[6]
Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President,"[7] he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.
While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83.[8] His death was mourned across the nation with thousands including national-level dignitaries attending the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameshwaram, where he was buried with full state honours.[9]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam
Friday, 16 October 2015
Google Drive - Keyboard shortcuts
Below, you'll find a list of keyboard shortcuts for Google Drive on the web.
To display the keyboard shortcut list in Google Drive, press Ctrl + / (Chrome OS, Windows) or ⌘ + / (Mac).
To display the keyboard shortcut list in Google Drive, press Ctrl + / (Chrome OS, Windows) or ⌘ + / (Mac).
|
Navigation and views |
|
|---|---|
| Go to navigation panel (folders list) | g then n g then f |
| Go to items view | g then l |
| Switch between grid and list in items view | v |
| Go to details pane | g then d |
| Go to top of application (Google bar) | g then t |
| Go to download status | g then a |
| Go to upload status | g then u |
| Show or hide details pane | d |
| Show or hide activity pane | i |
|
Select items |
|
| Select or deselect item | x |
| Select next item down | j Down arrow |
| Select next item up | k Up arrow |
| Select next item to the left | h Left arrow |
| Select next item to the right | l Right arrow |
| Extend selection down | Shift + Down arrow Shift + j |
| Extend selection up | Shift + Up arrow Shift + k |
| Extend selection left | Shift + Left arrow |
| Extend selection right | Shift + Right arrow |
| Select all visible items | Shift + a |
| Clear all selections | Shift + n |
|
Move between items |
|
| Move down without changing selection | Ctrl + Down arrow (Chrome OS, Windows) ⌘ + Down arrow (Mac) |
| Move up without changing selection | Ctrl + Up arrow (Chrome OS, Windows) ⌘ + Up arrow (Mac) |
| Move left without changing selection | Ctrl + Left arrow (Chrome OS, Windows) ⌘ + Left arrow (Mac) |
| Move right without changing selection | Ctrl + Right arrow (Chrome OS, Windows) ⌘ + Right arrow (Mac) |
|
Take action on selected items |
|
| Open selected item | Enter o |
| Rename selected item | n |
| Share selected items | . (dot) |
| Move selected items to new folder | z |
| Add selected items to an additional folder | Shift + z |
| Star or unstar selected items | s |
| Remove selected items | # or Alt + Backspace (Chrome OS) # or Delete (Windows) # or Fn + Delete (Mac) |
| Undo last action | Ctrl + z (Chrome OS, Windows) ⌘ + z (Mac) |
| Redo last undone action | Ctrl + Shift + z (Chrome OS, Windows) ⌘ + Shift + z (Mac) |
|
Create new items |
|
| Document | Shift + t |
| Presentation | Shift + p |
| Spreadsheet | Shift + s |
| Drawing | Shift + d |
| Folder | Shift + f |
| Form | Shift + o |
|
Open menus |
|
| Create menu | c |
| More actions menu | a |
| Current folder actions menu | f |
| Sort menu | r |
| Settings menu | t |
|
Application actions |
|
| Display keyboard shortcuts list | Shift + / Ctrl + / (Chrome OS, Windows) ⌘ + / (Mac) |
| Choose next visual density (row height and element spacing) |
q then q |
| Show last message | m |
| Search your Drive | / |
John Bunyan - Bible preaching worrior
John Bunyan
John Bunyan (November 30, 1628 - August 31, 1688), was the most famous of the Puritan writers and preachers. He was born at Harrowden (1 mile south-east of Bedford), in the Parish of Elstow, England. He is most well-known for his book “The Pilgrim's Progress”, one of the most printed books in history, which he composed while in prison for the crime of preaching the Gospel without a license.
John Bunyan – An Overview
John Bunyan had very little schooling. He followed his father in the tinker's trade, and he served in the parliamentary army from1644 to 1647). Bunyan married in 1649 and lived in Elstow until 1655, when his wife died. He then moved to Bedford, and married again in 1659. John Bunyan was received into the Baptist church in Bedford by immersion in 1653.In 1655, Bunyan became a deacon and began preaching, with marked success from the start. In 1658 he was indicted for preaching without a license. The authorities were fairly tolerant of him for a while, and he did not suffer imprisonment until November of 1660, when he was taken to the county jail in Silver Street, Bedford, and there confined (with the exception of a few weeks in 1666) for 12 years until January 1672. Bunyan afterward became pastor of the Bedford church. In March of 1675 he was again imprisoned for preaching publicly without a license, this time being held in the Bedford town jail. In just six months this time he was freed, (no doubt the authorities were growing weary of providing Bunyan with free shelter and food) and he was not bothered again by the authorities.
Herein is a great controversy. As John Bunyan was married with children to support, and he could have walked out of the jail a free man at any time if he simply promised to stop preaching publicly without a license, one must ask if he really did the right thing. He was not asked to deny Christ or to recant his faith as the Protestant martyrs of a century earlier were. Indeed, many of those around him were openly Christians who shared his faith. Bunyan was simply asked to stop preaching without a license, or to move on. Should Bunyan have simply agreed and walked out of the jail and gone home to fulfill his duties before God as a husband and father? Or did he do the right thing in making those duties secondary to his personal conviction that he should be allowed to preach in that city without a license? Bunyan was not a martyr, nor was he ever violently persecuted, but his convictions, whether admirable or misplaced, were quite strong and vexed the local authorities who viewed him more as a troublemaker than any real threat.
On a trip to London, John Bunyan caught a severe cold, and he died at the house of a friend at Snow Hill on August 31, 1688. His grave lies in the cemetery at Bunhill Fields in London.
The Pilgrim's Progress
John Bunyan wrote The Pilgrim's Progress in two parts, of which the first appeared at London in 1678, which he had begun during his imprisonment in 1676. The second part appeared in 1684. The earliest edition in which the two parts were combined in one volume came out in 1728. A third part falsely attributed to Bunyan appeared in 1693. “The Pilgrim's Progress” is the most successful allegory ever written, and like the Bible has been extensively translated into other languages. Protestant missionaries commonly translated it as the first thing after the Bible. It is said that in the days of westward expansion in the United States, early settlers often owned only two books, one being the Bible, and the other being John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress.John Bunyan wrote many other books, including one which discussed his inner life and reveals his preparation for his appointed work is “Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners” (1666). Bunyan became a popular preacher as well as a very voluminous author, though most of his works consist of expanded sermons. In theology he was a Puritan, but not a partisan. He was no scholar, except of the English Bible, but that he knew thoroughly. He also drew much influence from Martin Luther's “Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians”.
Some time before his final release from prison Bunyan became involved in a controversy with two theologians of his day: Kiffin and Paul. In 1673 he published his Differences in Judgement about Water-Baptism no Bar to Communion, in which he took the ground that "the Church of Christ hath not warrant to keep out of the communion the Christian that is discovered to be a visible saint of the word, the Christian that walketh according to his own light with God." While he agreed as a Baptist that water baptism was God's ordinance, he refused to make "an idol of it," and he disagreed with those who would dis-fellowship from Christians who did not adhere to water baptism.
Kiffin and Paul published a rejoinder in Serious Reflections (London, 1673), in which they set forth the argument in favor of the restriction of the Lord's Supper to baptized believers. The controversy resulted in the Particular (Calvinistic) Baptists leaving the question of communion with the unbaptized open. Bunyan's church permitted pedobaptists (those who baptize children, such as the Calvinistic Presbyterian Church) to fellowship and eventually, Bunyan’s church even became a pedobaptist church.
History of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (i/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/; DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is a nucleic acid; alongside proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides.[1] Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogen-containing nucleobase—either cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), or thymine (T)—as well as a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. According to base pairing rules (A with T, and C with G), hydrogen bonds
bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands
to make double-stranded DNA. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes.[2] In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).[3]
DNA stores biological information. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information. Biological information is replicated as the two strands are separated. A significant portion of DNA (more than 98% for humans) is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences.
The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. Under the genetic code, RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins. These RNA strands are initially created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription.
Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts.[4] In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.
First isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 and with its molecular structure first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro- and nano-fabrication. Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.[5]
The obsolete synonym "desoxyribonucleic acid" may occasionally be encountered, for example, in pre-1953 genetics.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (i/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/; DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic
For More Details:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA
http://www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-DNA-Research.aspx
i/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/; DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is a nucleic acid; alongside proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides.[1] Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogen-containing nucleobase—either cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), or thymine (T)—as well as a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. According to base pairing rules (A with T, and C with G), hydrogen bonds
bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands
to make double-stranded DNA. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes.[2] In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).[3]DNA stores biological information. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information. Biological information is replicated as the two strands are separated. A significant portion of DNA (more than 98% for humans) is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences.
The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. Under the genetic code, RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins. These RNA strands are initially created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription.
Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts.[4] In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.
First isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 and with its molecular structure first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro- and nano-fabrication. Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.[5]
The obsolete synonym "desoxyribonucleic acid" may occasionally be encountered, for example, in pre-1953 genetics.
The structure of the DNA double helix. The atoms in the structure are colour-coded by element and the detailed structure of two base pairs are shown in the bottom right.
The structure of part of a DNA double helix
i/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/; DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic For More Details:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA
http://www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-DNA-Research.aspx
SQL SERVER – 2008 – Interview Questions and Answers – Part 1
General Questions of SQL SERVER
What is RDBMS?
Relational Data Base Management Systems
(RDBMS) are database management systems that maintain data records and
indices in tables. Relationships may be created and maintained across
and among the data and tables. In a relational database, relationships
between data items are expressed by means of tables. Interdependencies
among these tables are expressed by data values rather than by pointers.
This allows a high degree of data independence. An RDBMS has the
capability to recombine the data items from different files, providing
powerful tools for data usage. (Read More Here)
What are the properties of the Relational tables?
Relational tables have six properties:
- Values are atomic.
- Column values are of the same kind.
- Each row is unique.
- The sequence of columns is insignificant.
- The sequence of rows is insignificant.
- Each column must have a unique name.
What is Normalization?
Database normalization is a data design
and organization process applied to data structures based on rules that
help building relational databases. In relational database design, the
process of organizing data to minimize redundancy is called
normalization. Normalization usually involves dividing a database into
two or more tables and defining relationships between the tables. The
objective is to isolate data so that additions, deletions, and
modifications of a field can be made in just one table and then
propagated through the rest of the database via the defined
relationships.
What are different normalization forms?
1NF: Eliminate Repeating Groups
Make a separate table for each set of
related attributes, and give each table a primary key. Each field
contains at most one value from its attribute domain.
2NF: Eliminate Redundant Data
If an attribute depends on only part of a multi-valued key, remove it to a separate table.
3NF: Eliminate Columns Not Dependent On Key
If attributes do not contribute to a
description of the key, remove them to a separate table. All attributes
must be directly dependent on the primary key. (Read More Here)
BCNF: Boyce-Codd Normal Form
If there are non-trivial dependencies between candidate key attributes, separate them out into distinct tables.
4NF: Isolate Independent Multiple Relationships
No table may contain two or more 1:n or n:m relationships that are not directly related.
5NF: Isolate Semantically Related Multiple Relationships
There may be practical constrains on information that justify separating logically related many-to-many relationships.
ONF: Optimal Normal Form
A model limited to only simple (elemental) facts, as expressed in Object Role Model notation.
DKNF: Domain-Key Normal Form
A model free from all modification anomalies is said to be in DKNF.
Remember, these normalization guidelines
are cumulative. For a database to be in 3NF, it must first fulfill all
the criteria of a 2NF and 1NF database.
What is De-normalization?
De-normalization is the process of
attempting to optimize the performance of a database by adding redundant
data. It is sometimes necessary because current DBMSs implement the
relational model poorly. A true relational DBMS would allow for a fully
normalized database at the logical level, while providing physical
storage of data that is tuned for high performance. De-normalization is a
technique to move from higher to lower normal forms of database
modeling in order to speed up database access.
What is Stored Procedure?
A stored procedure is a named group of
SQL statements that have been previously created and stored in the
server database. Stored procedures accept input parameters so that a
single procedure can be used over the network by several clients using
different input data. And when the procedure is modified, all clients
automatically get the new version. Stored procedures reduce network
traffic and improve performance. Stored procedures can be used to help
ensure the integrity of the database.
e.g.
sp_helpdb, sp_renamedb, sp_depends etc.
What is Trigger?
A trigger is a SQL procedure that
initiates an action when an event (INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE) occurs.
Triggers are stored in and managed by the DBMS. Triggers are used to
maintain the referential integrity of data by changing the data in a
systematic fashion. A trigger cannot be called or executed; DBMS
automatically fires the trigger as a result of a data modification to
the associated table. Triggers can be viewed as similar to stored
procedures in that both consist of procedural logic that is stored at
the database level. Stored procedures, however, are not event-drive and
are not attached to a specific table as triggers are. Stored procedures
are explicitly executed by invoking a CALL to the procedure while
triggers are implicitly executed. In addition, triggers can also execute
stored procedures.
Nested Trigger: A trigger can
also contain INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE logic within itself, so when the
trigger is fired because of data modification it can also cause another
data modification, thereby firing another trigger. A trigger that
contains data modification logic within itself is called a nested
trigger. (Read More Here)
What is View?
A simple view can be thought of as a
subset of a table. It can be used for retrieving data, as well as
updating or deleting rows. Rows updated or deleted in the view are
updated or deleted in the table the view was created with. It should
also be noted that as data in the original table changes, so does data
in the view, as views are the way to look at part of the original table.
The results of using a view are not permanently stored in the database.
The data accessed through a view is actually constructed using standard
T-SQL select command and can come from one to many different base
tables or even other views.
What is Index?
An index is a physical structure
containing pointers to the data. Indices are created in an existing
table to locate rows more quickly and efficiently. It is possible to
create an index on one or more columns of a table, and each index is
given a name. The users cannot see the indexes; they are just used to
speed up queries. Effective indexes are one of the best ways to improve
performance in a database application. A table scan happens when there
is no index available to help a query. In a table scan SQL Server
examines every row in the table to satisfy the query results. Table
scans are sometimes unavoidable, but on large tables, scans have a
terrific impact on performance.
What is a Linked Server?
Linked Servers is a concept in SQL Server
by which we can add other SQL Server to a Group and query both the SQL
Server dbs using T-SQL Statements. With a linked server, you can create
very clean, easy to follow, SQL statements that allow remote data to be
retrieved, joined and combined with local data. Stored Procedure
sp_addlinkedserver, sp_addlinkedsrvlogin will be used add new Linked Server. (Read More Here)
For More:
http://blog.sqlauthority.com/2008/09/12/sql-server-2008-interview-questions-and-answers-part-1/
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